From Wikipedia, the không tính tiền encyclopedia
The capital of Japan is Tokyo.[1][2][3] Throughout history, the national capital has been in locations other kêu ca Tokyo. The oldest capital of nhật bản is Nara.
Traditionally, the home page of the Emperor is considered the capital. From 794 through 1868, the Emperor lived in Heian-kyō, modern-day Kyoto.[4][5] After 1868, the seat of the Government of Japan and the location of the Emperor's home page was moved vĩ đại Edo, which it renamed Tokyo.[6]
In 1941, the Ministry of Education published the "designation of Tokyo as capital" (東京奠都, Tōkyō-tento).[7]
While no laws have designated Tokyo as the Japanese capital, many laws have defined a "capital area" (首都圏, shuto-ken) that incorporates Tokyo. Article 2 of the Capital Area Consolidation Law (首都圏整備法) of 1956 states: "In this Act, the term 'capital area' shall denote a broad region comprising both the territory of the Tokyo Metropolis as well as outlying regions designated by cabinet order." This implies that the government has designated Tokyo as the capital of nhật bản, although (again) it is not explicitly stated, and the definition of the "capital area" is purposely restricted vĩ đại the terms of that specific law.[8]
Other laws referring vĩ đại this "capital area" include the Capital Expressway Public Corporation Law (首都高速道路公団法) and the Capital Area Greenbelt Preservation Law (首都圏近郊緑地保全法).[9]
This term for capital was never used vĩ đại refer vĩ đại Kyoto. Indeed, shuto came into use during the 1860s as a gloss of the English term "capital".
The Ministry of Education published a book called "History of the Restoration" in 1941. This book referred vĩ đại "designating Tokyo as capital" (東京奠都, Tōkyō-tento) without talking about "relocating the capital vĩ đại Tokyo" (東京遷都, Tōkyō-sento). A contemporary history textbook states that the Meiji government "moved the capital (shuto) from Kyoto vĩ đại Tokyo" without using the sento term.[7]
The proposals vĩ đại move the capital were conceptualized in 1979, and 16 years later, in 1995, the parliament voted vĩ đại move the capital away from Tokyo vĩ đại a place no more kêu ca 180 miles and forty minutes away from the airport, which was planned vĩ đại be completed in 2010.[10][11] In 1999, the following sites were proposed: Tochigi and Fukushima prefectures, north of Tokyo; the second candidate is Gifu and Aichi prefectures, south of Tokyo; and the panel recommended the third region near the ancient capitals, Nara, Kyoto, and Shiga prefectures.[12] However, the plans for moving were not made.
As of 2007, there is a movement vĩ đại transfer the government functions of the capital from Tokyo while retaining Tokyo as the de facto capital, with the Gifu-Aichi region, the Mie-Kio region and other regions submitting bids for a de jure capital. Officially, the relocation is referred vĩ đại as "capital functions relocation" instead of "capital relocation", or as "relocation of the Diet and other organizations".[13][14]
In 2023, the Government of Japan moved the Agency for Cultural Affairs vĩ đại Kyoto. This was the first time that a central government office has been relocated outside Tokyo since Tokyo was designated as the capital.[15][16]
This list of legendary capitals of nhật bản begins with the reign of Emperor Jimmu. The names of the Imperial palaces are in parentheses:
- Kashihara, Yamato at the foot of Mount Unebi during reign of Emperor Jimmu[17]
- Kazuraki, Yamato during reign of Emperor Suizei[18]
- Katashiha, Kawachi during the reign of Emperor Annei[18]
- Karu, Yamato during reign of Emperor Itoku.[19]
- Waki-no-kami, Yamato during the reign of Emperor Kōshō[20]
- Muro, Yamato during reign of Emperor Kōan[20]
- Kuruda, Yamato during the reign of Emperor Kōrei[20]
- Karu, Yamato during reign of Emperor Kōgen[20]
- Izakaha, Yamato during reign of Emperor Kaika[20]
- Shika, Yamato (Palace of Mizugaki) during reign of Emperor Sujin[21]
- Shika, Yamato (Palace of Tamagaki) during reign of Emperor Suinin[22]
- Makimuko, Yamato (Palace of Hishiro) during reign of Emperor Keikō[23]
- Shiga, Ōmi (Palace of Takaanaho) during reign of Emperor Seimu[24]
- Ando, Nara (Palace of Toyoura) and Kashiki on the island of Kyushu during reign of Emperor Chūai[24]
This list of capitals includes the Imperial palaces names in parentheses.
- Karushima, Yamato (Palace of Akira), reign of Emperor Ōjin[25]
- Naniwa, Settsu (Palace of Takatsu), reign of Emperor Nintoku[26]
- Iware, Yamato (Palace of Wakasakura), reign of Emperor Richū[27]
- Tajihi, Kawachi (Palace of Shibakaki), reign of Emperor Hanzei[28]
- Asuka, Yamato (Palace of Tohotsu), reign of Emperor Ingyō[29]
- Isonokami, Yamato (Palace of Anaho), reign of Emperor Ankō[30]
- Sakurai, Nara (Hatsuse no Asakura Palace), 457–479[31] in reign of Emperor Yūryaku[32]
- Sakurai, Nara (Iware no Mikakuri Palace), 480–484[31] in reign of Emperor Seinei[33]
- Asuka, Yamato (Chikatsu-Asuka-Yatsuri Palace), 485–487[34] in reign of Emperor Kenzō[33]
- Tenri, Nara (Isonokami Hirotaka Palace), 488–498[31] in reign of Emperor Ninken[35]
- Sakurai, Nara (Nimiki Palace), 499–506 in reign of Emperor Buretsu[35]
- Hirakata, Osaka (Kuzuha Palace), 507–511[citation needed][36]
- Kyōtanabe, Kyoto (Tsutsuki Palace), 511–518 in reign of Emperor Keitai[31][37]
- Nagaoka-kyō (Otokuni Palace), 518–526 in reign of Keitai[31][38]
- Sakurai, Nara (Iware no Tamaho Palace), 526–532[31] in reign of Keitai[39]
- Kashihara, Nara (Magari no Kanahashi Palace), 532–535[31] in reign of Emperor Ankan[40]
- Sakurai, Nara (Hinokuma no Iorino Palace), 535–539[31] in reign of Emperor Senka[40]
- Asuka, Yamato (Shikishima no Kanasashi Palace), 540–571[31] in reign of Emperor Kinmei[40]
- Kōryō, Nara (Kudara no Ohi Palace), 572–575 [citation needed]
- Sakurai, Nara (Osata no Sakitama Palace or Osada no Miya), 572–585[41] in reign of Emperor Bidatsu[42]
- Shiki District, Nara (Iwareikebe no Namitsuki Palace), 585–587[43] in the reign of Emperor Yōmei[44]
- Shiki District, Nara (Kurahashi no Shibagaki Palace), 587–592[31] in the reign of Emperor Sushun[44]
- Asuka, Yamato (Toyura Palace or Toyura-no-miya), 593–603[45] in the reign of Empress Suiko[46]
- Asuka, Yamato (Oharida Palace or Oharida-no-miya), 603–629[45] in the reign of Suiko[46]
- Asuka, Yamato (Okamoto Palace or Oakmoto-no-miya), 630–636[45] in the reign of Emperor Jomei[47]
- Kashihara, Nara (Tanaka Palace or Tanaka-no-miya), 636–639[45]
- Kōryō, Nara (Umayasaka Palace or Umayasaka-no-miya, 640[45]
- Kōryō, Nara (Kudara Palace or Kudara-no-miya), 640–642[45]
- Asuka, Yamato (Oharida Palace), 642–643
- Asuka, Yamato (Itabuki Palace or Itabuki no miya), 643–645[45] in the reign of Empress Kōgyoku[47]
- Osaka (Naniwa Nagara-Toyosaki Palace), 645–654[48] in the reign of Emperor Kōtoku[49]
- Asuka, Yamato (Itabuki Palace), 655–655[45] in the reign of Kōtoku[49]
- Asuka, Yamato (Kawahara Palace or Kawahara-no-miya), 655–655[45]
- Asuka, Yamato (Okamoto Palace or Nochi no Asuka-Okamoto-no-miya), 656–660[45] in the reign of Emperor Saimei[50]
- Asakura, Fukuoka (Asakura no Tachibana no Hironiwa Palace or Asakure no Tachibana no Hironiwa-no-miya), 660–661[45]
- Osaka, (Naniwa Nagara-Toyosaki Palace), 661–667[48]
- Ōtsu, Shiga (Ōmi Ōtsu Palace or Ōmi Ōtsu-no-miya), 667–672[51] in reign of Emperor Tenji[50] and the reign of Emperor Kōbun[52]
- Asuka, Yamato (Kiyomihara Palace or Kiomihara-no-miya), 672–694[45] in the reign of Emperor Tenmu[53] and in the reign of Empress Jitō[54]
- Fujiwara-kyō (Fujiwara Palace), 694–710[55] in the reign of Emperor Monmu[54]
- Heijō-kyō (Heijō Palace), 710–740[56] in the reigns of Empress Genmei,[57] Empress Genshō,[58] and Emperor Shōmu[58]
- Kuni-kyō (Kuni Palace), 740–744[59] in the reign of Shomu[60]
- Naniwa-kyō (Naniwa Palace [ja]), 744[61]
- Naniwa-kyō, Shigaraki Palace, 744–745[61]
- Heijō-kyō (Heijō Palace), 745–784[56]
- Nagaoka-kyō (Nagaoka Palace), 784–794[62] in the reign of Emperor Kanmu[63][64]
- Heian-kyō (Heian Palace), 794–1180[65] in the reign of Kammu[63] and others
- Fukuhara Palace, 1180[66] in the reign of Emperor Antoku[67]
Medieval nhật bản and Early modern period (see also: History of Japan)
- Heian-kyō or Kyōto (Heian Palace), 1180–1868[65]
- Yoshino (Nanboku-chō period), 1336–1392
Modern Japan (see also: History of Japan)
Historical capitals
[edit]
- Hiraizumi was the capital of totally independent Northern Fujiwara polity (Ōshū) based in Tōhoku region, having defeated Emishi tribes. This polity existed as Kyoto's internal politics prevented Kyoto's authority from 1100 vĩ đại 1189.
- Hakodate was the capital of the short lived Republic of Ezo (1869)
- Shuri was the capital of Ryukyu Kingdom (1429–1879) and Urasoe was capital of Chuzan from at least 1350, which predated the Ryukyu Kingdom.
- ^ "About Japan". The Government of nhật bản. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
- ^ "Japan - The World Factbook". CIA. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
- ^ "Japan country profile". Đài truyền hình BBC News. 9 September năm ngoái. Retrieved 8 December năm ngoái.
- ^ Nussbaum, "Kyōto" at pp. 585-587.
- ^ Wendy, Frey. History Alive!: The Medieval World and beyond. Palo Alto, CA: Teacher's Curriculum Institute, 2005.
- ^ a b Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Tokyo", Japan Encyclopedia, pp. 981–982.
- ^ a b 国会等の移転ホームページ – 国土交通省. Mlit.go.jp. Retrieved on 2011-04-29.
- ^ 首都圏整備法 Archived 2016-05-23 at the Portuguese Web Archive. Law.e-gov.go.jp. Retrieved on 2011-04-29.
- ^ 首都圏近郊緑地保全法 Archived 2005-03-01 at the Wayback Machine. Law.e-gov.go.jp. Retrieved on 2011-04-29.
- ^ "Tokyo: 27 million into one doesn't go". The Montreal Gazette. 7 February 1979. p. 34.
- ^ "Building a new capital city". Manila Standard. 16 December 1995. pp. 25B.
- ^ "Will nhật bản move capital from crowded Tokyo?". WIlmington Morning Star. December 28, 1999. pp. 5A.
- ^ "Shift of Capital from Tokyo Committee". nhật bản Productivity Center for Socio-Economic Development. Archived from the original on August 25, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
- ^ "Policy Speech by Governor of Tokyo, Shintaro Ishihara at the First Regular Session of the Metropolitan Assembly, 2003". Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Archived from the original on 2007-11-03. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
- ^ "After Relocation vĩ đại Kyoto, Cultural Affairs Agency Starts Operations". The nhật bản News. March 27, 2023.
- ^ Hiroshi Kajiyama (August 7, 2018). 5th meeting of the Agency for Cultural Affairs Relocation Council (Speech) (in Japanese). MEXT. Archived from the original on August 11, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
文化首都とも言われる京都
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1915). The Imperial Family of Japan, p. 1.
- ^ a b Ponsonby-Fane, p. 2.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, pp. 2-3.
- ^ a b c d e Ponsonby-Fane, p. 3.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 4.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 5.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 6.
- ^ a b Ponsonby-Fane, p. 7.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 8.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 9.
- ^ コトバンク「履中天皇」
- ^ コトバンク「反正天皇」
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 10.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 12.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Koch, W. (1904). Japan; Geschichte nach japanischen Quellen und ethnographische Skizzen. Mit einem Stammbaum des Kaisers von nhật bản, p. 13.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 13.
- ^ a b Ponsonby-Fane, p. 14; excerpt, "Mikaguri Palace"
- ^ Nussbaum, "Asuka" at p. 59.
- ^ a b Ponsonby-Fane, p. 15.
- ^ "枚方八景 樟葉宮跡の杜" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2018-06-22.
- ^ "筒城宮伝承地(Tsutsuki-no-miya denshochi)" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2018-06-22.
- ^ "弟国宮(Otokuni-no-miya)遷都1500年記念事業" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2018-06-22.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 16.
- ^ a b c Ponsonby-Fane, p. 17; except, "Palace of Kanahashi at Magari, Yamato"
- ^ Brown, Delmer. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 262–263; excerpt, "... palace was Osada no Miya of Iware in the province of Yamato."
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 18.
- ^ Brown, p. 263; excerpt, "... palace was Namitsuki no Miya at Ikebe in the province of Yamato."
- ^ a b Ponsonby-Fane, p. 19.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Asuka Historical Museum, Palaces of the Asuka Period," 1995; retrieved 2011-11-25.
- ^ a b Ponsonby-Fane, p. trăng tròn.
- ^ a b Ponsonby-Fane, p. 21.
- ^ a b なにわ活性化プロジェクト (Naniwa Revialization Project)[permanent dead link], August 24, 201; retrieved 2011-11-24.
- ^ a b Ponsonby-Fane, p. 23.
- ^ a b Ponsonby-Fane, p. 24.
- ^ Nussbaum, "Ōtsu mo Miya" at p. 216.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 25.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 26.
- ^ a b Ponsonby-Fane, p. 27.
- ^ Nussbaum, "Fujiwara" at pp. 200–201.
- ^ a b Nussbaum, "Heijō-kyō" at p. 304.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 28.
- ^ a b Ponsonby-Fane, p. 29.
- ^ Nussbaum, "Kuni-kyō" at p. 574.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 30.
- ^ a b Nussbaum, "Naniwa" at p. 697.
- ^ Nussbaum, "Nagaoka-kyō" at p. 216–217.
- ^ a b Ponsonby-Fane, p. 34.
- ^ "長岡京とは" [About Nagaoka Palace] (in Japanese). Retrieved 2018-06-22.
- ^ a b Nussbaum, "Heian-kyō" at pp. 303–304.
- ^ Nussbaum, "Fukuhara" at pp. 216.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 37.
- ^ "History of capitals of Japan". gbac. 2016-12-24. Retrieved 2022-12-19.
- Fiévé, Nicolas and Paul Waley. (2003). Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo. New York: Psychology Press. ISBN 9780700714094
Media related vĩ đại Capital of Japan at Wikimedia Commons