News media

The news media or news industry are forms of mass media that focus on delivering news to lớn the general public. These include news agencies, newspapers, news magazines, news channels etc.

Some of the first news circulations occurred in Renaissance Europe. These handwritten newsletters contained news about wars, economic conditions, and social customs and were circulated among merchants. The first printed news appeared by the late 1400s in German pamphlets that contained nội dung that was often highly sensationalized. Thefirst newspaper written in English was The Weekly News, published in London in 1621. Several papers followed in the 1640s and 1650s. In 1690, the first American newspaper was published by Richard Pierce and Benjamin Harris in Boston. However, it did not have permission from the government to lớn be published and was immediately suppressed.^[1]

In 1729, Benjamin Franklin began writing a new size of newspaper that was more satirical and more involved in civic affairs than vãn previously seen. In 1735, John Peter Zenger was accused of seditious libel by the governor of Thành Phố New York, William Cosby. Zenger was found not guilty, largely in part to lớn his attorney Andrew Hamilton, who later wrote a paper in which he argued that newspapers should be không lấy phí to lớn criticize the government as long as it was true. Later, with the ratification of the Bill of Rights in 1791, freedom of the press would be guaranteed by the First Amendment.^[1]

In the 1830s, newspapers started seeking commercial success and turned toward reportage. This began with the Thành Phố New York Sun in 1833. Advancements in technology made it cheaper to lớn print newspapers and "penny papers" emerged. These issues sought out local news and coverage of society. Later, news-gathering became a central function of newspapers. With the invention of the telegraph in 1845, the "inverted pyramid" structure of news was developed.^[2] Through the latter half of the 1800s, politics played a role in what newspapers published. By the over of the century, modern aspects of newspapers, such as banner headlines, extensive use of illustrations, "funny pages", and expanded coverage of organized sporting events, began to lớn appear. Also, truyền thông media consolidation began with many independent newspapers becoming part of "chains".^[1]

The early 1900s saw Progressive Era journalists using a new style of investigative journalism that revealed the corrupt practices of government officials. These exposing articles became featured in many newspapers and magazines. The people who wrote them became labeled as "muckrakers". They became very influential and were a vital force in the Progressive reform movement. However, after 1912 muckraking declined. The public began to lớn think the exposés were sensationalized, but they did make a great impact on future policies.^[1]

During the 1920s, radio became a news medium, and was a significant source of breaking news. Although, during World War I, radio broadcasts in America were only given information about Allied victories because Great Britain had a monopoly on the transatlantic radio lines. For the newspapers, the government suppressed any radical or German papers during and after the war.^[1]

With the introduction of the television came The Communications Act of 1934. It was an agreement between commercial television and the people of the United States that established that: The airways are public property; Commercial broadcasters are licensed to lớn use the airways; The main condition for use will be whether the broadcaster served "the public interest, convenience, and necessity." During the Vietnam War, the truyền thông media reporting directly challenged the government, drawing attention to lớn the "credibility gap" — official lies and half-truths about the war.^[1]

Television news continued to lớn expand during the 1970s, and by 1990, more than vãn half of American homes had cable systems and nationally oriented newspapers expanded their reach. With technological advancements in the newsroom, notably the Internet, a new emphasis on computer-assisted reporting and a new blending of truyền thông media forms emerged, with one reporter preparing the same story in print, online, and on camera for a newspaper's cable station.^[1]

A "medium" (plural "media") is a carrier of something. Common things carried by truyền thông media include information, art, or physical objects. A medium may provide transmission or storage of information or both. The industries which produce news and entertainment nội dung for the mass media are often called "the media" (in much the same way the newspaper industry is called "the press"). In the late 20th century it became commonplace for this usage to lớn be construed as singular ("The truyền thông media is...") rather than vãn as the traditional plural.

"Press" is the collective designation of truyền thông media vehicles that carry out journalism and other functions of informative communication, in contrast to lớn pure propaganda or entertainment communication. The term press comes from the printing press of Johannes Gutenberg in the sixteenth century and which, from the eighteenth century, was used to lớn print newspapers, then the only existing journalistic vehicles. From the middle of the 20th century onwards, newspapers also began to lớn be broadcast (radio news and television news). The advent of the World Wide Web brought with it online newspapers, which then expanded to lớn include online news videos and online streaming news in the 2010s. The use of the term "press", however, was maintained.^[3]

Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and video signals (programs) to lớn a number of recipients ("listeners" or "viewers") that belong to lớn a large group. This group may be the public in general, or a relatively large audience within the public. Thus, an Internet channel may distribute text or music worldwide, while a public address system in (for example) a workplace may broadcast very limited ad hoc soundbites to lớn a small population within its range.

The sequencing of nội dung in a broadcast is called a schedule.

Television and radio programs are distributed through radio broadcasting or cable, often simultaneously. By coding signals and having decoding equipment in homes, the latter also enables subscription-based channels and pay-per-view services.

A broadcasting organization may broadcast several programs at the same time, through several channels (frequencies), for example BBC One and Two. On the other hand, two or more organizations may share a channel and each use it during a fixed part of the day. Digital radio and digital television may also transmit multiplexed programming, with several channels compressed into one ensemble.

When broadcasting is done via the Internet the term webcasting is often used.

Broadcasting forms a very large segment of the mass media.

Broadcasting to lớn a very narrow range of audience is called narrowcasting.

In a broadcast system (television), journalists or reporters are also involved with editing the đoạn Clip material that has been shot alongside their research, and in working on the visual narrative of the story. Broadcast journalists often make an appearance in the news story at the beginning or over of the đoạn Clip clip.

In television or broadcast journalism, news analysts (also called newscasters or news anchors) examine, interpret, and broadcast news received from various sources of information. Anchors present this as news, either videotaped or live, through transmissions from on-the-scene reporters (news correspondents).

News films ("clips") can vary in length; there are some which may be as long as ten minutes, others that need to lớn fit in all the relevant information and material in two or three minutes. News channels these days have also begun to lớn host special documentary films that stretch for much longer durations and are able to lớn explore a news subject or issue in greater detail.

The desk persons categorise news stories with various formats according to lớn the merit of the story. Such formats include AVO, AVO Byte, Pkg, VO SOT, VOX POP, and Ancho Visual.

• The AVO, or Anchor Voice Over, is the short size of news. The story is written in a gist. According to lớn the script visual is edited. The anchor reads the news while the visual is broadcast simultaneously. Generally, the duration of an AVO is 30 to lớn 40 seconds. The script is three to lớn four lines. At first the anchor starts to lớn read the news, and, after reading one or one-and-a-half lines, the visual is aired, overlapping the face of anchor.
• The AVO Byte has two parts: An AVO, and one or more bytes. This is the same as an AVO, except that as soon as the AVO ends, the Byte is aired.
• The Pkg has three parts: Anchor, Voice Over, and Sign Off. At first a Script is written. A voice over anchor reads the anchor or anchor intro part.

A newspaper is a lightweight and disposable publication (more specifically, a periodical), usually printed on low-cost paper called newsprint. It may be general or of special interest, and may be published daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly, or quarterly.

General-interest newspapers are usually journals of current news on a variety of topics. Those can include political events, crime, business, sports, and opinions (either editorials, columns, or political cartoons). Many also include weather news and forecasts. Newspapers increasingly use photographs to lớn illustrate stories; they also often include comic strips and other entertainment, such as crosswords.

A story is a single article, news item or feature, usually concerning a single event, issue, theme, or profile of a person. Correspondents report news occurring in the main, locally, from their own country, or from foreign cities where they are stationed.

Most reporters file information or write their stories electronically from remote locations. In many cases, breaking stories are written by staff members, through information collected and submitted by other reporters who are out on the field gathering information for an sự kiện that has just occurred and needs to lớn be broadcast instantly. Radio and television reporters often compose stories and report "live" from the scene. Some journalists also interpret the news or offer opinions and analysis to lớn readers, viewers, or listeners. In this role, they are called commentators or columnists.

Reporters take notes and also take photographs or shoot videos, either on their own, by citizens or through a photographer or camera person. In the second phase, they organize the material, determine the focus or emphasis (identify the peg), and finally write their stories. The story is then edited by news or copy-editors (U.S. style) or sub-editors in Europe, who function from the news desk. The headline of the story is decided by the news desk, and practically never by the reporter or the writer of the piece. Often, the news desk also heavily re-writes or changes the style and tone of the first draft prepared by the reporter / writer originally. Finally, a collection of stories that have been picked for the newspaper or magazine edition, are laid out on dummy (trial) pages, and after the chief editor has approved the nội dung, style and language in the material, it is sent for publishing. The writer is given a byline for the piece that is published; his or her name appears alongside the article. This process takes place according to lớn the frequency of the publication. News can be published in a variety of formats (broadsheet, tabloid, magazine and periodical publications) as well as periods (daily, weekly, semi-weekly, fortnightly or monthly).

A newsmagazine, is a usually weekly magazine featuring articles on current events. News magazines generally go more in-depth into stories than vãn newspapers, trying to lớn give the reader an understanding of the context surrounding important events, rather than vãn just the facts.

A newsreel was a documentary film common in the first half of the 20th century, that regularly released in a public presentation place containing filmed news stories.

Created by Pathé Frères of France in 1908, this size of film was a staple of the typical North American, British, and Commonwealth countries (especially Canada, nước Australia and New Zealand), and throughout European cinema programming schedule from the silent era until the 1960s when television news broadcasting completely supplanted its role.

As technology improved, newsreels began to lớn incorporate sound and color, making them even more engaging for audiences. However, with the rise of television news, the popularity of newsreels began to lớn decline, and they were eventually phased out altogether.

Online journalism is reporting and other journalism produced or distributed via the Internet. The Internet has allowed the formal and informal publication of news stories through mainstream truyền thông media outlets, social media platforms, as well as blogs, vlogs, and other self-published news stories.

By covering news, politics, weather, sports, entertainment, and vital events, the daily truyền thông media shape the dominant cultural, social and political picture of society. Beyond the truyền thông media networks, independent news sources have evolved to lớn report on events which escape attention or underlie the major stories. In recent years, the blogosphere has taken reporting a step further, mining down to lớn the experiences and perceptions of individual citizens.^{[citation needed]}

A growing phenomenon, the blogosphere can report news overlooked by the press and TV networks. Due to lớn the rise of social truyền thông media involvement in news, the most common news value has become entertainment in recent years.^[4] Apropos of this was Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s 11,000-word Rolling Stone article apropos of the 2004 United States presidential election, published June 1, 2006. By June 8, there had been no mainstream coverage of the documented allegations by President John F. Kennedy's nephew. On June 9, this sub-story was covered by a Seattle Post-Intelligencer article.^[5]

Media coverage during the 2008 Mumbai attacks highlighted the use of new media and Internet social networking tools, including Twitter and Flickr, in spreading information about the attacks, observing that Internet coverage was often ahead of more traditional truyền thông media sources. In response, traditional truyền thông media outlets included such coverage in their reports.^[6] However, several outlets were criticized as they did not kiểm tra for the reliability and verifiability of the information.^[7] Some public opinion research companies have found that a majority or plurality of people in various countries distrust the news truyền thông media.^[8][9]

Fake news articles are untruthful-on-purpose stories. They have the purpose of misleading the reader to lớn think one way.^[10] With the rise of new truyền thông media through social truyền thông media, there has been an increase in kém chất lượng news. This increase in kém chất lượng news has progressed over time and continues to lớn show, especially in today's truyền thông media. The use of Twitter, Facebook, etc. has made it easier for false or misleading articles to lớn be seen. The amount of misleading news articles that are produced are causing audiences to lớn believe that every piece of information on the mạng internet is true. A major problem is the issue of unbiased articles showing up in a timeline next to lớn kém chất lượng articles. This makes it hard for others to lớn determine between what is fact and what is opinion. Specifically, the truyền thông media coverage during the năm nhâm thìn United States presidential election saw numerous misleading articles for both candidates.^[11]

Media integrity refers to lớn the ability of a news truyền thông media outlet to lớn serve the public interest and democratic process, making it resilient to lớn institutional corruption within the truyền thông media system,^[12] economy of influence, conflicting dependence and political clientelism. Media integrity encompasses following qualities of a truyền thông media outlet:

• independence from private or political interests
• transparency about own financial interests
• commitment to lớn journalism ethics and standards
• responsiveness to lớn citizens

The concept was devised particularly for the truyền thông media systems in the region of South East Europe,^[13] within the project South East European Media Observatory, gathering organisations which are part of the South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM).

• Chart – Real and Nhái News (2016)/Vanessa Otero (basis) (Mark Frauenfelder)
• Chart – Real and Nhái News (2014) (2016)/Pew Research Center